These nutrients operate through diverse mechanisms, facilitating brain oxygenation, metabolism, circuit integration, and antioxidant defense.

Phosphatidylserine - Brain tissues are especially rich in phosphatidylserine (PS), but aging causes a decline in the PS content of cells throughout the body. Research has shown that in addition to improving neural function, PS :In the brain, PS helps maintain cell membrane integrity and youthful synaptic plasticity.118-127*

• enhances energy metabolism in all cells
• improves memory
• sharpens concentration
• learning and word choice
• relieve depression and improve mood, ,
• inhibit exercise and stress induced increases in cortisol

Phosphatidylserine (PS) may reduce the risk of dementia in the elderly. Very limited and preliminary scientific research suggests that PS may reduce the risk of cognitive dysfunction in the elderly.128-134* The FDA concludes that there is little scientific evidence supporting this claim.

Phosphatidyl Choline is the most significant component of lecithin. It emulsifies and breaks down fat deposits in the body, which makes it a key player in a healthy heart and liver. PC is also a component of neurotransmitter, acetyl-choline and is needed for normal brain functioning.

DMAE - Enhance brain activity. Because of more readily moving through the brain-blood barrier before conversion into choline, it is believed that DMAE is more effective in aiding brain function such as making neurotransmitters.

Fish oil - There is evidence from multiple studies supporting intake of recommended amounts of DHA and EPA in the form of dietary fish or fish oil supplements lowers triglycerides, reduces the risk of death, heart attack, dangerous abnormal heart rhythms, and strokes in people with known cardiovascular disease, slows the buildup of atherosclerotic plaques ("hardening of the arteries"), and lowers blood pressure slightly.

Zinc - Zinc is sometimes promoted as an aid for memory. This may be true to the extent that vitamin B₆ and neurotransmitters are not properly utilized without it.

Selenium - Some of the most intriguing selenium research concerns selenium’s critical importance to brain health. At least three published studies have linked selenium deficiency to undesirable mood states, and several studies indicate selenium’s importance to normal brain function. When individuals are selenium deprived, even for long periods, the brain hoards available selenium, and the turnover rate of some neurotransmitters is affected. Studies have found a significant association between low selenium levels and rapid cognitive decline in the elderly. When the brains of Alzheimer’s patients were examined for selenium status, they contained only 60% as much of this essential nutrient as the brains of control patients.

Iron - Iron deficiency is the most common nutrient deficiency in the United States. Iron deficiency can contribute to shortened attention spans, lowered intelligence, poor coordination, and inability to concentrate. Iron helps transport oxygen to brain cells. A lack of oxygen can cause cell functions to slow down and stop.

Potassium - potassium, calcium and magnesium are the key mineral ions in the brain and must be maintained in critical balance. Low calcium levels produce, painful muscle contractions with dizziness, confusion, and even seizures. Hyperventilation causes a sudden drop in blood calcium levels that produces tetany. Magnesium can reduce brain irritation and block seizures during alcohol withdrawal and toxemia during pregnancy. Extra calcium and magnesium tend to have a calming effect and are safe to take in supplemental form. Potassium intake is often deficient and increased potassium intake is desirable.

Vitamin B6 - This vitamin is required for a number of metabolic pathways that support optimal brain function. It is required for the conversion of homocysteine to cysteine (a precursor for the antioxidant glutathione).

DHEA – DHEA (Dehydroepiandrosterone) is a natural hormone produced by the adrenal glands, the brain and the skin, and is the most abundant hormone in the body. As middle age approaches the production of DHEA slows, and scientific evidence shows a direct link of DHEA deficiency to various problems associated with the aging process. DHEA is produced in abundance during youth, peaking at about age 25, with production slowing thereafter. By age 80 it is believed that people have only 10 to 20 percent of the DHEA they had at age 20. DHEA (Dehydroepiandrosterone) is a natural hormone produced by the adrenal glands, the brain and the skin, and is the most abundant hormone in the body. As middle age approaches the production of DHEA slows, and scientific evidence shows a direct link of DHEA deficiency to various problems associated with the aging process. DHEA is produced in abundance during youth, peaking at about age 25, with production slowing thereafter. By age 80 it is believed that people have only 10 to 20 percent of the DHEA they had at age 20.

Grape seed extract - Grape Seed Extract protects brain tissues from damage by free radicals. Second, the ability of this compound to improve microcirculation has a beneficial effect by lowering the incidence of stroke. Mental alertness and memory are also improved due to increased blood flow. Current studies are investigating the relationship between Grape Seed Extract supplementation and the memory capabilities of Alzheimer and dementia patients.

Finally, the use of Grape Seed Extract in the treatment of ADD and ADHD indicates that the active OPC compounds reduce hyperactivity and increase attention span in sufferers on a level compatible with that of commonly used medications such as Ritalin.

Ginseng - There have been positive reports of using Asian ginseng to treat cancer, heart disease, respiratory problems, fatigue, as well as to boost energy and mental performance and to improve quality of life.

GinkgoBiloba - Ginkgo biloba extract has been shown to improve memory and cognitive function. Further, it protects membranes from oxidation and maintains healthy circulation. Emerging evidence suggests that GBE may be particularly effective in treating ailments associated with decreased blood flow to the brain, particularly in elderly individuals. Laboratory studies have shown that GBE improves blood circulation by dilating blood vessels and reducing the stickiness of blood platelets. . Antioxidants such as those found in ginkgo can neutralize free radicals and may reduce or even help prevent some of the damage they cause.

Gotu Cola – Gotu Cola is able to rebuild energy reserves. It increases mental and physical power, combats stress and improves reflexes, has an energizing effect on brain cells, and may help prevent nervous breakdown. For this reason, it is called "food for the brain." It relieves high blood pressure, mental fatigue, senility, and helps the body defend itself against various toxins. It is very rich in the B Complex vitamins, lowers blood pressure, and is an effective diuretic.

L-tyrosine is an amino acid that boosts certain neurotransmitters in the brain, and also converts into a thyroid hormone. L-tyrosine has been used to support stress reduction and depression.

L-glutomin – L-glutamine is an amino acid that serves as an important source of energy for the brain. Supplementation with l-glutamine has been found to help improve mood, mental performance and both long- and short-term memory.

L- carnitine – Researchers believe that ALC improves brain function by enhancing the activity of the memory neurotransmitters, acetylcholine and dopamine. There have been many studies which show that ALC improves learning and memory in normal, healthy mice and rats and there are indications are that it would probably do the same for humans.

Taurine. This amino acid is a potent antioxidant for the brain, and also has electronic homeostatic properties linked to its capacity to buffer intracellular calcium and magnesium as well as sodium and potassium. Taurine is abundant in electrically active tissues, and within the brain acts as a chemical transmitter in its own right. It also has dispersant properties and is an important digestive constituent of the bile, thereby contributing to the bioavailability of the other nutrients in this formulation. Taurine is not supplied by vegetarian diets, and is a conditionally essential nutrient for some populations. Supplementing with taurine helps conserve cysteine, which is an important precursor of glutathione, a very important intracellular antioxidant for the brain.

Choline - allows nutrients to enter the cell and promote neuronal activity. Necessary for regulating cellular growth, proliferation, renewal and for recognizing old cells that need to be recycled. In addition to keeping the membranes flexible, these can actually increase the number of neurotransmitter receptor sites, giving the brain more circuits to improve concentration, memory and overall brain functions.

Vitamin B9 - This vitamin-like substance is integral to the development and on going homeostasis of the nervous system. Deficiency during pregnancy can have disastrous consequences to the fetus. Folate deficiency is detected in 15-38% of adults diagnosed with depressive disorders, and may retard the clinical response to antidepressant therapy.

Vitamin B12 This vitamin is often found deficient in vegetarians and the elderly, and deficiency symptoms can mimic dementia: memory loss, personality and mood changes, fatigue.

Vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E stimulates a nerve impulse to be sent to the brain.